| Basic Concepts -- Student must point to a picture that is most similar to a verbal description (e.g. "Point to the big tree"). Receptive Vocabulary -- Student must point to a picture that best represents a dictated word. Words increase in difficulty. Parallel Sentence Production -- The teacher describes a picture using certain grammar, then the student describes a similar picture using the same grammatical structure the teacher did. This is a test of syntax and morphemic knowledge. Word Relationships -- Student must describe why pairs of words are related (e.g. SUN and HOT). Rhyme Knowledge -- Student must determine whether two words rhyme, decide which word out of a set of words does not rhyme, produce a rhyming word when given a prompt, and complete a sentence with an appropriate rhyming word. Sound Categorization -- Student must decide which word out of a set of words does not begin with the same sound (phoneme) as the other words. Elision -- Student must omit part of a compound word (e.g. teacher says "cowboy," and student replies with "cow." Letter Knowledge -- Student must correctly identify letters (by name, by pointing to them, and by writing them). Phonics Knowledge -- Student must identify the sounds (phonemes) that typically correspond to letters and letter clusters. Student must also correctly pronounce simple nonsense-words. Invented Spelling -- Student must write dictated words using appropriate spelling-sound conventions. Book Handling -- Student demonstrates just the most basic knowledge of concepts about print (e.g. parts of a book, direction of reading) Concept of Word -- Student demonstrates more advanced concepts about word boundaries and identifies (without decoding) specific words. Matching Symbols -- Student must match identical pairs of letters or numbers as well as clusters of letters. Sight Word Recognition -- Student must correctly identify words in a graded list. Rapid Automatic Naming -- Student must quickly identify pictures of familiar objects. Word Retrieval -- Student is given a category, and must think of as many words as possible that fit that category in one minute (e.g. "Name all of the food items you can think of."). Listening Comprehension -- Student must retell important details from a story, and also answer comprehension questions about the story. |