Questions For Further Research

An imperiled generation: Saving urban schools. (1988). A special report of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Barker, R.G. & Gump, R.V. (1964). Big school, small school: High school size and student behavior. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Barnes, S. (1989). A contrastive study of mentor and nonmentor teachers in their interactions with at-risk students. San Marcos, TX: Southwest Texas State University, Classroom Management and Discipline Program.

Barth, R.S. (1990). Improving schools from within. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Barth, R.S. (1991). Restructuring schools: some questions for teachers and principals. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(2), pp. 123-128.

Beer, M., Eisenstat, F.A., & Spector, B. (1990). Why change programs don't produce change. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), pp. 158-166.

Berman, P. & McLaughlin, M.W. (1975). Federal programs supporting educational change, Vol. IV: The findings in review. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

Bryk, A.S. & Thum, Y.M. (1989). The effects of high school organization on dropping out: An exploratory investigation. Center for Policy Research on Education.

Bryk, A.S. & Driscoll, M.E. (November, 1989). The high school as community: Contextual influences, and consequences for students and teachers. University of Chicago.

Calabrese, R.L. & Poe, J. (1990). Alienation: An explanation of high dropout rates among African American and Latino Students. Educational Research Quarterly, 14(4), pp. 22-26.

Cardelle-Elawar, M. (1990). Effects of feedback tailored to bilingual students' mathematics needs on verbal problem solving. The Elementary School Journal, 91(2), pp. 165-175.

Carlson, R.V. (1987). School assessment and school improvement: An organizational culture analysis. Educational Planning, 7(1), pp. 3-14.

Chubb, J.E. & Moe, T.M. (1990). Politics, markets, and America's schools. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.

Clune, W.H. (1991). Systemic educational policy. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Center for Educational Policy.

Cole, M. & Griffin, P. (1987). Contextual factors in education. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Center for Educational Research.

Collins, A. (1991). The role of computer technology in restructuring schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(1), pp. 28-36.

Conklin, N.F. & Olson, T.A. (November 1988). Toward more effective education for poor, minority students in rural areas: What the research suggests. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Conley, S.C., Bacharach, S.B., & Bauer, S. (1989). The school work environment and teacher career dissatisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 25(1), pp. 58-81.

Corbett, H.D., Dawson, J., & Firestone, W. (1984). School context and school change: Implications for effective planning. Philadelphia, PA: Research for Better Schools.

Corcoran, T.B. (1985). Competency testing and at-risk youth. Philadelphia, PA: Research for Better Schools.

Cuban, L. (1988). A fundamental puzzle of school reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 69(5), pp. 341-344.

Cuban, L. (1989). The at-risk label and the problem of urban school reform. Phi Delta Kappan, 70(10), pp. 780-801.

Cuban, L. (1990). Reforming again, again, and again. Educational Researcher, 19(1), pp. 10-21.

David, J.L. (1991). Restructuring and technology: Partners in change. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(1), pp. 37-40.

Davis, J. (Winter 1988-89). Culture and change in the small school. The Rural Educator, 10(2), pp. 4-7.

Deal, T. (1985). The symbolism of effective schools. The Elementary School Journal, 85(5), pp. 601-620.

Deal, T. (1990). Reframing reform. Educational Leadership, 47(8), pp. 6-12.

Deal, T. & Kennedy, A. (1982). Corporate cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.

Deal, T. & Peterson, K. (1990). The principal's role in shaping school culture. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Druian, G. & Butler, J. A.B. (1987). Effective schooling practices and at-risk youth: What the research shows. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.

Education that works: An action plan for the education of minorities. (1990). Quality Education for Minorities Project. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Everson, S.T., Scollay, S. J., Fabert, B., & Garcia, M. (1986). An effective schools program and its results: Initial district, school, teacher, and student outcomes in a participating district. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 19(3), pp. 35-47.

Fine, M. (1991). Framing dropouts: Notes on the politics of an urban public high school. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Firestone, W.A. & Wilson, B. (1991). Restructuring schools: The principal as leader. In K.M. Kershner and J.A. Connally (Eds.), At-risk students and school restructuring (pp. 85-88). Philadelphia, PA: Research for Better Schools.

Firestone, W.A. & Rosenblum, S. (1988). Building commitment in urban high schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 10(4), pp. 285-299.

Fowler, W.J. & Walberg, H.J. (1991). School size, characteristics, and outcomes. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13(2), pp. 189-202.

Fullan, M.G. (1991). The new meaning of educational change, 2nd Edition. New York: Teachers College Press.

Fullan, M.G. ( 1992). Visions that blind. Educational Leadership, 49(5), pp. 19-20.

Fullan, M.G., Bennett, B., & Rolheiser-Bennett, C. (1990). Linking classroom and school improvement. Educational Leadership, 47 (8), pp. 13-19.

Gaddy, G.D. (1988). High school order and academic achievement. American Journal of Education, pp. 496-518.

Gault, A. & Murphy, J. (1987). The implications of high expectations for bilingual students. Journal of Educational Equity and Leadership, 7(8), pp. 301-317.

Giroux, H.A. (1988). Teachers as intellectuals. Granby, MA: Bergin and Garvey.

Goldenberg, C. & Gallimore, R. (1991). Local knowledge, research knowledge, and educational change: A case study of early Spanish reading improvement. Educational Researcher, 20(8), pp. 2-14.

Goldman, C. & O'Shea, C. (1990). A culture for change. Educational Leadership, 47(8), pp. 41- 43.

Goodlad, J. (1984). A place called school - Prospects for the future. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gottfredson, D.C. (1985). School size and school disorder. Report No. 360. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.

Hallinger, P., Bickman, L., & Davis, K. (June, 1990). What makes a difference? School context, principal leadership, and student achievement. Occasional Paper #3. Cambridge, MA: National Center for Education Leadership, Harvard Graduate School of Education.

Hargreaves, A. (1992). Cultures of teaching: A focus for change. In A. Hargreaves & M. B. Fullan (Eds.), Understanding teacher development (pp. 216 - 236). New York: Teachers College Press.

Helge, D. (1989). Rural "at-risk" students - Directions for policy and intervention. Rural Special Education Quarterly, 10(1).

Hobbs, D. (1989). Relationships between school and school district size, educational costs and student performance: A review of the literature. Unpublished manuscript, Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, Austin.

Hord, S.M. (1992). Facilitative Leadership: The imperative for change. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.

Hord, S.M., Rutherford, W. L., Huling-Austin, L., & Hall, G. E. (1987). Taking charge of change. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Houston, R.L. (1991). At-risk students: Non-urban settings. In K.M. Kershner and J.A. Connally (Eds.), At-risk students and school restructuring (pp. 61-67). Philadelphia, PA: Research for Better Schools.

Howe, H. (Fall 1987). Can schools teach values? Teachers College Record, 89(1), pp. 55-68.

Huberman, A.M. & Miles, M.B. (1984). Innovation up close - How school improvement works. New York: Plenum Press.

Johnston, J.A., Bickel, W.E., & Wallace, Jr., R.C. (1990). Building and sustaining change in the culture of secondary schools. Educational Leadership, 47(8), pp. 46-48.

Krueger, J.P. & Parish, R. (1982). We're making the same mistakes: Myth and legend in school improvement. Planning and Changing, 13(3), pp. 131-140.

Lawton, S.B., Leithwood, K., Batcher, E., Donaldson, E.L., & Stewart, R. (1988). Student retention and transition in Ontario high schools: Policies, practices, and prospects. Toronto: Ministry of Education.

Levine, D.U. (1991). Creating effective schools: Findings and implications from research and practice. Phi Delta Kappan, 72(5), pp. 389-393.

Lieberman, A. & Miller, L. (1990). Restructuring schools: What matters and what works. Phi Delta Kappan, 71(10), pp. 759-764.

Liftig, R. (1990). Our dirty little secrets: Myths about teachers and administrators. Educational Leadership, 47(8), pp. 67-70.

Little, J. W. (1982). Norms of collegiality and experimentation: Workplace conditions of school success. American Educational Research Association Journal, 19(3), pp. 325-340.

Louis, K.S. & Miles, M.B. (1990). Improving the urban high school. New York: Teachers College Press.

Melvin, C.A. (1991). Translating Deming's 14 points for education. The School Administrator, 48(9), pp. 19 23.

Méndez-Morse, S. (1992). Leadership characteristics that facilitate school change. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.

Miles, M.B. & Louis, K.S. (1990). Mustering the will and skill for change. Educational Leadership, 47(8), pp. 57-61.

Miller, S.E., Leinhardt, G., & Zigmond, N. (Winter 1988). Influencing engagement through accommodation: An ethnographic study of at-risk students. American Educational Research Journal, 25(4), pp. 465-487.

Monk, D.H. (1986). Secondary school enrollment and curricular comprehensiveness. (ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED 287 628).

Nettles, S. (1991). Community involvement and disadvantaged students: A review. Review of Educational Research, 61(3), pp. 379-406.

Norris, C.A. & Reigeluth, C.M. (Winter 1991). Themes for change: A look at systemic restructuring experiences. Educational Horizons, 69(2), pp. 90-96.

Pajak, E.F. & Glickman, C.D. (1989). Dimensions of school district improvement. Educational Leadership, 46(8), p. 61-64.

Patterson, J.L., Purkey, S.C., & Parker, J.V. (1986). Productive school systems for a nonrational world. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Pink, W.T. (1990). Staff development for urban school improvement: Lessons learned from two case studies. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 1(1), pp. 41-60.

Pittman, R.B. & Haughwout, P. (Winter, 1987). Influence of high school size on dropout rate. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 9(4), pp. 337 - 343.

Pollack, S., Chrispeels, J., & Watson, D.L. (1987). A description of factors and implementation strategies used by schools in becoming effective for all students. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C.

Purkey, S.C. & Smith, M.S. (1983). Effective schools: A review. The Elementary School Journal, 83(4), pp. 427-452.

Purkey, W.W. & Asby, D.N. (1988). The mental health of students: Nobody minds? Nobody cares? Person-Centered Review, 3(1), pp. 41-49.

Raelin, J.A. (1989). Teacher autonomy and managerial control. The Education Digest, 54(4), pp. 16-18.

Richardson, V., Casanova, U., Placier, P., & Guilfoyle, K. (1989). School children at-risk. New York: The Falmer Press.

Rosenholtz, S.J. & Simpson, C. (1990). Workplace conditions and the rise and fall of teachers' commitment. Sociology of Education, 63(10), pp. 241-257.

Rossman, G., Corbett, D. & Firestone, W. (1988). Change and effectiveness in schools: A cultural perspective. Philadelphia, PA: Research for Better Schools.

Saphier, J. & King, M. (1985). Good seeds grow in strong cultures. Educational Leadership, 42(6), pp. 67-74.

Sarason, S.B. (1982). Culture of the school and the problem of change, 2nd edition. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Sarason, S.B. (1990). The predictable failure of educational reform - Can we change course before it's too late? San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Schein, E.H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

Schlechty, P. & Cole, B. (1991). Creating a system that supports change. Educational Horizons, 69(2), pp. 78-82.

Senge, P. & Lannon-Kim, C. (1991). Recapturing the spirit of learning through a systems approach. The School Administrator, 48(9), pp. 8-13.

Senge, P.M. (1990). The fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday Currency.

Sergiovanni, T.J. (1987). The principalship. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Sergiovanni, T.J. & Corbally, J.E. (1984). Leadership and organizational culture. Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Shanker, A. (February 1989). Restructuring leadership. The Education Digest, 54(2), pp. 3-5.

Sheingold, K. (1991) Restructuring for learning with technology: The potential for synergy. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(1), pp. 17-27.

Shields, P.M. (1990). A review of research on school and community influences on effective curriculum and instruction. In M. S. Knapp & P. M. Shields (Eds.) Better schooling for the children of poverty (pp. XIII-3 - XIII-10). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

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Slavin, R.E. (1989). PET and the pendulum: Faddism in education and how to stop it. Phi Delta Kappan, 70(10), pp. 753-758.v Smey-Richman, B. (1991). School climate and restructuring for low-achieving students. Philadelphia, PA: Research for Better Schools.

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Spady, W.G. (1988). Organizing for results: The basis of authentic restructuring and reform. Educational Leadership, 46(2), pp. 4-8.

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