1. These six steps were identified by SEDL researcher Shirley M. Hord in Facilitative Leadership: The Imperative for Change (Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, 1992). The six-component framework identified in Facilitative Leadership was based on eight categories of actions or interventions of principals and other facilitators who brought about school change that Hord and Leslie Huling-Austin developed from a longitudinal study. The study was discussed in an article written by Hord and Huling-Austin, "Effective Curriculum Implementation: Some Promising New Insights," published in The Elementary School Journal, 87(1), 97-115.

2. A basic discussion of school context may be found in School Context: Bridge or Barrier to Change written by Victoria Boyd (Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, 1992).

3. SEDL interview with Dennis Sparks, January 2000.

4. McLaughlin, M. W. & J. E. Talbert, (1993). Contexts that Matter for Teaching and Learning. Stanford: Center for Research on the Context of Secondary School Teaching, Stanford University.

5. Fullan, Michael (1992). Visions that blind. Educational Leadership 49(5), p.20.

6. Boyd, V. and S. M Hord (1994). Schools as learning communities. Issues About Change, 4(1), 1.

7. Brown, John and Cerylle Moffett (1999). The Hero's Journey: How Educators Can Transform Schools and Improve Learning. Alexandria: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, p. 59-60, 72.

8. Fullan, Michael. (1998). Breaking the bonds of dependency. Educational Leadership, 55(7), p. 8.

9. Katzenmeyer, Marilyn and Gayle Moller. (1996). Awakening the Sleeping Giant: Leadership Development for Teachers. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, Inc., p. 35.

10. Leithwood, K. A. (1192). The move toward transformational leadership. Educational Leadership, 49(5), 8-12.

11. As quoted in Boyd, Victoria (1992). School Context: Bridge or Barrier to Change? Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, p. 53-54.

12. Brown, John and Cerylle Moffett (1999). The Hero's Journey: How Educators Can Transform Schools and Improve Learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, p. 83.

13. Block, Peter. (1987). The Empowered Manager: Positive Political Skills at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. As quoted in Louis, Karen Seashore and Matthew B. Miles, Improving the Urban High School: What Works and Why. New York: Teachers College Press, p. 219.

14. Fullan, Michael G. (1992) Visions that blind. Educational Leadership 19(5), p.19-20.

15. Mendez-Morse, Sylvia. 1992. Leadership Characteristics that Facilitate School Change. Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, p. 13.

16. Klein, Steven, Elliott Medrich, and Valeria Perez-Ferreiro. (1996). Fitting the Pieces: Education Reform that Works. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

17. Brown, John L. and Cerylle A. Moffett. (1999). The Hero's Journey: How Educators Can Transform Schools and Improve Learning. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, p. 87.

18. Hord, Shirley M. (1992). Facilitative Leadership: The Imperative for Change. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, p. 70.

19. SEDL interview with Dennis Sparks, February 2, 2000.

20. Critical Issue: Building a Collective Vision on the Web site of the North Central Educational Laboratory at http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le100.htm.

21. See Louis, Karen Seashore and Matthew B. Miles. (1990). Improving the Urban High School: What Works and Why. New York: Teachers College Press; Murphy, Joseph and Philip Hallinger. (1993). Newbury Park, CA: Corwin Press, Inc. See also Saxl E., Matthew Miles & A. Lieberman. (1990). Assisting Change in Education. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development and Hope for Urban Education: A Study of Nine High-Performing, High-Poverty, Urban Elementary Schools (1999). Austin, TX: The Charles A. Dana Center, online at http://www.ed.gov/pubs/urbanhope/index.html, Feb. 3, 2000.

22. Katzenmeyer, Marilyn and Gayle Moller. (1996). Awakening the Sleeping Giant. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, Inc., p. 67.

23. For example, see Jane McCarthy and Suzanne Still, Hollibrook Accelerated Elementary School in Murphy, Joseph and Phillip Hallinger. (1993). Restructuring Schooling: Learning from Ongoing Reform Efforts, p. 63-83 and The Uses of Time for Teaching and Learning: Studies of Education Reform (1996). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education Office of Education Research and Improvement.

24. Hawley, Willis D. and Linda Valli (1999). The essentials of effective professional development: A new consensus in Teaching as the Learning Profession: Handbook of Policy and Practice, edited by Linda Darling-Hammond and Gary Sykes. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, p. 129.

25. Ibid, p. 134.

26. Ibid. p. 134-144. See also Linda Darling-Hammond and Milbrey W. McLaughlin (1995), Policies that support professional development in an era of reform, Phi Delta Kappan April 1995, 597-604.

27. King, M. Bruce and Fred M. Newmann (April 2000). Will teacher learning advance school goals? Phi Delta Kappan, p. 576-580. See also Appendix F, National staff development council standards for staff development in David Collins (1997) Achieving Your Vision of Professional Development: How to Assess Your Needs and Get What you Want. Greensboro, NC: SERVE, p. 181-183.

28. SEDL interview with Dennis Sparks, executive director NSDC, February 2, 2000.

29. Schmoker, Mike (1999). Results: The Key to Continuous Improvement, 2nd Edition. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, p. 15.

30. SEDL interview with Dennis Sparks, February 2, 2000.

31. Schmoker, Mike (1999). Results: The Key to Continuous Improvement, 2nd Edition. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, p. 18.

32. Newmann, Fred M. and Gary C. Wehlage (1995). Successful School Restructuring. Madison, Wisconsin: Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools, p. 31.

33. Sparks, Dennis and Susan Loucks-Horsley (1989). Five models of staff development for teachers. Journal of Staff Development, 10(4), p. 42.

34. Interview with Dennis Sparks, February 2, 2000.

35. Interview with Shirley Hord, January 10, 2000.

36. Collins, Patrick (ed). Developing Your School's CSRD Evaluation Plan: An Awareness Workshop for Local Schools. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Development, 2000, p. 12-13.

37. Interview with Joan Buttram, June 23, 2000. 38. Interview with Shirley Hord, January 10, 2000.

39. Collins, David. Achieving Your Vision of Professional Development (2nd edition). Greensboro, N.C.: SERVE, 1999, p. 97-107.

40. Interview with Dennis Sparks, February 2, 2000.

41. Collins David. Achieving Your Vision of Professional Development (2nd edition), p. 95. See also Bruce Joyce and Beverly Showers (1988). Student Achievement Through Staff Development (2nd edition). White Plains, NY: Longman.

42. Interview with Shirley Hord, January 10, 2000.

43. Interview with Shirley Hord, January 10, 2000.

44. Interview with Margarita Calderón, January 21, 2000.

45. Interview with Wendell Brown, January 21, 2000.

46. Interview with Margarita Calderón, January 31, 2000.

47. Leadership for School Improvement (2000). Aurora, CO: Mid-Continent Research for Education and Learning, p. 10. Online at http://www.mcrel.org/topics/topics.asp?topicsid=12.

48. SEDL interview with Wendell Brown, January 21, 2000. 49. SEDL interview with Dennis Sparks, February 2, 2000.