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Author: Aurora Hansis & Teresa
Tattersall
Level:
Novice
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In this scenario, students learn about sayings and proverbs
commonly used in Spanish-speaking cultures. English proverbs and
sayings are included for comparison and to guide students as they
learn new proverbs in Spanish. Through this unit, students discover
the value of proverbs, and they see how culture is embedded in proverbs
and sayings. Students develop an awareness of the intrinsic relationship
between language and culture.
ACTIVITY SET 1: Comparing Familiar English and Spanish Proverbs
The class begins by brainstorming familiar English proverbs. They
also discuss how they learned these proverbs: from a family member,
in the community, in school, etc. Next, the class considers a group
of “equivalent” proverbs in English and Spanish. The proverbs
are selected because they use different images to express a similar
idea. For example: “de tal palo, tal astilla” (“like
father, like son” or “The apple doesn’t fall far
from the tree”), or “El niño que no llora no
mama” (“The squeaky wheel gets the grease”).
The sayings are printed on note cards and placed in two columns
on the chalkboard with Spanish on one side and English on the other—but
not directly opposite their “mate.” The class’s task
is to find the Spanish “match” for the English proverbs.
This is a whole-class activity with the teacher guiding the students,
directing their attention to key words, cognates, and roots of familiar
words. Once teacher and students have matched the pairs of proverbs,
students separate into small groups where they are assigned one
of the “pairs” of proverbs. The teacher provides some
questions for the groups so that learners begin to think about how
culture is reflected in the proverbs. For example: What is the main
idea of the proverbs? How do the two proverbs express that idea
differently? Why do you think the idea is expressed differently
in English and Spanish? (Why does Spanish use “this” image
and English “that” one?) Even though the proverbs are
in different languages, do they achieve the same results? After
their discussion, groups share information with their classmates.
ACTIVITY SET 2: Learning New Spanish Sayings
In this activity set, students learn more Spanish proverbs and sayings
and complete two tasks to demonstrate their understanding of the
ones they choose to work with. First, they receive a new list of
proverbs in Spanish. Individually or in pairs, students choose a
proverb from the list to illustrate (e.g., El que se fue a Sevilla,
perdió su silla). The teacher discusses with students
both the literal and figurative meanings of the proverbs, and they
decide whether to illustrate what the proverb says (“The one
who goes to Sevilla loses his seat/chair.”), what it means
(“Possession is nine-tenths of the law”), or both. Student
illustrations are displayed in the classroom.
Next, working with the same list of proverbs, student groups create
skits using pantomime to demonstrate the meaning of their chosen
proverb. As a vocabulary review, the class is asked, with the teacher’s
prompting, to provide vocabulary words or make short statements
using learned material as the pantomime is occurring. Students have
a list of the proverbs, and after the pantomime is complete, the
“audience” guesses which proverb has been presented; they
also share (in English) their understanding of the meaning of the
skit. Finally, the class evaluates the skits as to whether or not
the figurative meaning of the proverb has been captured.
ACTIVITY SET 3: Creating New Proverbs
Students enjoy the vivid images of proverbs, and they now have an
opportunity to use their creativity to come up with some images
of their own. For this activity, the sayings have again been written
on note cards, but this time each student receives only the first
half of a proverb in Spanish (Cuando hay hambre… / Panza
llena… ). The students’ job, working either in pairs
or individually, is to create a new ending to the proverb. Novice-level
students are encouraged to use familiar vocabulary, and the teacher
supplies new words as needed. (It may be helpful to brainstorm useful
nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. with which students are familiar
and to write them on the board.) Next, each student or pair presents
the “new” proverb to classmates. Once all students have
presented their new sayings, the teacher shows them the ending to
the original proverbs (…no hay pan duro / …corazón
contento). Students and teacher discuss (in English) how learners
came up with their original endings and how the meaning of the proverb
changed with a different ending. (This is also a good opportunity
to reflect again on how culture might have influenced the two versions.)
After the discussion, the original and rewritten proverbs are displayed
in the classroom.
ACTIVITY SET 4: Connecting Proverbs and Culture
Now that students have learned several Spanish-language sayings
and demonstrated their understanding of them, they undertake tasks
that allow them to explore further the relationship between proverbs
and culture. First, students choose two proverbs, one in English
and one in Spanish. Their task is to research the history behind
each proverb using the Internet, books, family, friends and any
other available resource to gather information. They look for answers
to questions such as: Where did the proverb come from? In what contexts
is it used? In addition to their research, students also reflect
on ways that the Spanish- and English-language proverbs differ.
For example, students might notice the use of infinitives in Spanish
where English tends to use gerunds, etc. They consider how relevant
the proverb is to the present day and whether it presents an idea
or uses images peculiar to American or Hispanic cultures. The latter
are abstract issues, so students present their research findings
and conduct discussions in English and with the teacher’s guidance.
Students continue their investigation of how proverbs reflect aspects
of the micro- (e.g., family) and macro-culture (e.g., ethnic group)
by talking with their relatives about any common family sayings
or proverbs. They interview family members and friends about proverbs
that have been passed down through generations (e.g., “Grandpa
always used to say…”). Students tape (video or cassette)
the interviews, and as they share them in class, they consider several
questions: Are there common themes or images by language group and/or
across language groups? Are certain sayings special to a particular
generation? etc. Once the research and discussion is complete, each
student or group selects a way to graphically represent what they
have discovered: art work, mind-map, collage, etc.
ACTIVITY SET 5: Creating Proverb Books
As a culminating activity, students create a book of ten sayings
in Spanish with illustrations. Five of the proverbs are ones they
have enjoyed and “collected” over the course of the unit
that were not the object of class activities. The other five may
be “half-original” proverbs created in Activity Set 3
by the class or totally new ones. Students bring their books to
share with classmates, either reading their favorite “new”
proverb aloud or passing the books around to be read. Students make
comments and sign the back of their classmates’ books. Additionally,
a class book of proverbs can be produced with students providing
proverbs from their individual books. Students combine sayings and
design the class book, and the teacher copies and distributes one
to each learner.
- Refranero (book of sayings and
proverbs in Spanish and English)
- Computer with Internet access, floppy
disks
- Art supplies, including paper, markers,
etc.
- Videotapes, video camera
- Props for students’ presentations
Communication:
The interpersonal mode is used when students work in pairs or small
groups and when they create skits. Students use the interpretive
mode to read and match English and Spanish proverbs and to listen
to classmates’ presentations. The presentational mode is used
when students perform skits and present their books.
Cultures: Students learn about a cultural product (proverbs)
and the perspectives of the culture through the use of proverbs/sayings.
Connections: Students access information in Spanish about
proverbs through the Internet, books and personal interviews.
Comparisons: Students compare proverbs in English and Spanish
to understand how one idea may be represented differently in two
languages and cultures. They understand how cultural perspectives
are implicit in the choice of images used in the sayings.
Communities: Students use Spanish with and beyond the school
as they talk with Spanish-speaking family and friends to find
out
about the use of proverbs in the community.
- Idiomatic expressions can also be used
as the focus of the scenario.
- Several tasks can be adapted to the intermediate
level. In Activity Set 1, learners receive strips of paper each
containing a proverb in Spanish or English. They work in pairs
to complete the matching activity, then compare their conclusions
with classmates. In Activity Set 2, students create skits to illustrate
the proverbs rather than using pantomime. And in Activity Set
3, students may create their own proverbs.
- Students look to popular music for examples
of proverbs or themes reflected in proverbs. (The students can
do this activity in English, and the teacher can provide examples
for the same activity in Spanish.) The same task can be done using
contemporary movies with the teacher again providing ideas in
the target language.
Books
Arora, S. (1995). Proverbs in Mexican-American
tradition. Electronic Journal of International Proverb
Studies. Vol. 1(2). Tasmania, Australia: University of
Tasmania. \
Cassagne, J. M. (1995). 101 Spanish
idioms. Lincolnwood, IL: Passports Books.
Coll, J., Gelabert,
M., & Martinell,
E. (1998). Diccionario de gestos con sus giros más
usuales.
Madrid, Spain: Edelsa Grupodiscalia.
Flonta, T. (2001). A dictionary of
English and Spanish equivalent proverbs. Tasmania, Australia:
DeProverbio.
Giménez,
E. (1996). Del dicho
al hecho. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Bela Editores.
Mejia, J. M. (1997). Así habla
el mexicano: Diccionario básico de mexicanismos. Tarzana,
CA: Panorama Publishing.
Sellers, J. M. (1994). Folk wisdom
of Mexico. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.
Taylor, A. (1996). The origins of the
proverb. Electronic Journal of International Proverb Studies.
Volume 2(1). Tasmania, Australia: University of Tasmania.
Zarco, M. T. (1988). Refranero.
Ciudad Real, Spain: Perea Ediciones.
Webliography
NOTE: These Internet
resources may have changed since publication or no longer be
available. Active links should be
carefully
screened
before
recommending to students.
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